The innate system aims to destroy the invading pathogens rapidly to prevent spread of infection. The ular response 1,2,3 is bought about by leucocytes, which can be granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) or agranulocytes (monocytes and lymphocytes). The latter will be discussed at the end of this tutorial. This system responds to invasion through ular and complement protein responses. At the tissue level, the innate immune system provides non-specific defences that prevent microbial growth and subsequent infection. If an anatomical barrier has broken down, pathogens will be able to enter the underlying tissues. Unlike the acquired system, their response is not altered by subsequent invasion and they do not have a memory. CELLS AND PROTEINS The s and proteins of the innate immune system provide a line of defence that is present from birth. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is an antibody secreted by mucosal s that binds to pathogens and their toxins to neutralise and deactivate them before they are able to invade. There are essential immunological factors that defend against infection at this level.
Importantly, however, it is not only physical and chemical mechanisms that are involved. The respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitorurinary tracts are sites where specialised mucous membranes play an important role as a barrier in preventing infection. Pathogens can gain access to the body through other anatomical areas.
BASIC IMMUNOLOGY 4TH EDITION PDF FREE SKIN
It explains why there is an increased incidence of both local and systemic infections when this barrier is compromised, for example in patients with skin diseases or burns. The skin provides a surface that is difficult to penetrate and provides exent defence against infection. ATOTW 323 Immunology for Anaesthetists Part 1: Basic Immunology (22 nd Dec 2015) of 7ΔΆ INNATE IMMUNITY ANATOMICAL BARRIERS Barrier mechanisms are responsible for the first line of defence against pathogens and the most significant barrier is the skin 1. Pathogens that evade the innate system subsequently encounter the acquired immune response, which is a specific system of ular and humoral responses that have developed during an individual s lifetime. As the body s first line of defence, the innate immune system comprises physical barriers and some ular defences. The immune response can be broadly categorised into two systems: innate immunity and acquired immunity. The aim of this first tutorial is to provide an overview of the immune response whilst the second tutorial will concentrate on immunology in clinical practice. It is important to have an understanding of the fundamental science behind immunology, so we can reduce the risk to our patients and understand why some patients may be particularly prone to infections. As anaesthetists we challenge the immune system through our everyday practice, whether this is during the placement of intravascular devices, tracheal intubation or the administration of drugs. INTRODUCTION Immunity describes the ability to fight infection and is dependent on a highly functional immune system. This binds to antigen on pathogens and labels the for destruction by complement or phagocytic s. T-s can be CD8 or CD4, the former are known as cytotoxic T-s and the latter become T-helper s.
The acquired immune system is a specific response to a certain pathogen and is principally brought about by T-s, B-s, immunoglobulin and complement. IgG is responsible for mast degranulation Key Points The innate immune response is nonspecific and destroys pathogens mainly through phagocytosis and activation of complement.
Specificity for antigen depends on the light chains e. Consists of one heavy chain and two light chains d. Is present in the IgA isoform on mucous membranes c. Produce more than one clone of antibody 3. They display receptors of similar morphology to the immunoglobulin produced by that c. They are so named as they mature in the bone marrow b. Causes large amounts of histamine release 2. Involves activation of lymphocytes in the periphery c. Can be responsible for autoimmune diseases b. The answers can be found at the end of the article, together with an explanation. Tushar Dixit Consultant Anaesthetist, St Helens and Knowsley NHS Trust, UK Edited by Dr Emma Giles Correspondence to 22 nd DEC 2015 QUESTIONS Before continuing, try to answer the following questions. Katharine Kennedy Anaesthetics Registrar, Mersey Deanery, UK Dr. 1 B A S I C S C I E N C E Tutorial 323 IMMUNOLOGY FOR ANAESTHETISTS Part 1 Basic Immunology Dr.